Side Effects of Adenosine: What You Should Know
Adenosine is a medication used primarily in emergency settings to treat supraventricular tachycardia (SVT), a type of abnormal fast heart rhythm. It works by slowing down the heart rate and is administered as an injection. While it is generally considered safe and effective, it can cause a range of side effects, especially immediately after administration.
Common Side Effects:
- Flushing:
- Flushing (a feeling of warmth and redness) is one of the most common side effects of adenosine. It typically affects the face and upper body and usually lasts for only a few minutes after the injection.
- Chest Pain or Pressure:
- Some individuals may experience chest pain or a feeling of tightness in the chest. This sensation is usually brief and resolves quickly after the medication wears off.
- Shortness of Breath:
- Breathing difficulties or a sensation of not getting enough air may occur, but this typically subsides within seconds to minutes after the injection.
- Dizziness or Lightheadedness:
- Due to the effect of adenosine on heart rate and blood pressure, some patients may feel dizzy or lightheaded during or shortly after administration.
- Nausea:
- Mild nausea can occur, particularly if the person is already feeling anxious or unwell before the treatment.
- Transient Arrhythmias:
- Arrhythmias (irregular heartbeats) may briefly occur after adenosine is administered, particularly as the heart returns to a normal rhythm. This is typically temporary and is closely monitored in a medical setting.
Serious Side Effects:
- Severe Bradycardia (Slow Heart Rate):
- In rare cases, adenosine can cause severe bradycardia (an excessively slow heart rate), particularly in patients with underlying conduction problems or those on certain heart medications. This can require immediate medical intervention.
- Heart Block:
- Adenosine may lead to atrioventricular (AV) block, which is a delay or complete interruption in the electrical signals between the atria and ventricles of the heart. This can be dangerous if it persists.
- Hypotension (Low Blood Pressure):
- A significant drop in blood pressure can occur in some individuals, leading to dizziness or fainting.
- Bronchospasm (Worsening of Asthma):
- Adenosine can cause bronchospasm, particularly in individuals with asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). This can result in wheezing and difficulty breathing and may require treatment with bronchodilators.
- Severe Allergic Reaction:
- Although rare, allergic reactions to adenosine may occur, with symptoms such as rash, hives, swelling of the face, lips, or throat, and difficulty breathing. This requires immediate medical attention.
Who Should Avoid Adenosine?
- Individuals with a history of sick sinus syndrome, second- or third-degree AV block, or severe asthma should avoid adenosine unless absolutely necessary and should use it under strict medical supervision.
Monitoring and Administration:
- Adenosine is administered in a controlled medical setting, such as an emergency room or intensive care unit, where heart rate, blood pressure, and oxygen levels can be closely monitored to manage any adverse effects.
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