Side Effects of Metformin
Metformin is a medication commonly prescribed to manage type 2 diabetes. It works by improving insulin sensitivity, lowering blood sugar levels, and reducing the amount of sugar the liver produces. While metformin is considered safe and effective, it can cause a variety of side effects.
Common Side Effects:
- Gastrointestinal Issues:
- Nausea: A frequent side effect, especially when starting metformin, is nausea. It can often be managed by taking the medication with food.
- Diarrhea: Many people experience diarrhea, especially in the first few weeks of treatment.
- Bloating and Gas: Bloating, gas, and indigestion are also common and may improve over time as the body adjusts to the medication.
- Stomach Pain: Some individuals report stomach discomfort or cramps.
- Metallic Taste:
- A metallic taste in the mouth is a less common side effect but can occur in some users.
- Weight Loss:
- Metformin is often associated with modest weight loss, which may be beneficial for people with type 2 diabetes who are overweight.
- Vitamin B12 Deficiency:
- Long-term use of metformin can lead to vitamin B12 deficiency, as the drug may interfere with the body’s ability to absorb this vitamin. Symptoms of B12 deficiency include fatigue, weakness, and numbness or tingling in the hands and feet.
Serious Side Effects:
- Lactic Acidosis:
- Though rare, metformin can cause a serious condition called lactic acidosis, where lactic acid builds up in the bloodstream. This is more likely in people with kidney problems, liver disease, or other conditions that affect oxygen levels, such as heart failure. Symptoms include muscle pain, difficulty breathing, stomach pain, dizziness, and extreme fatigue. This is a medical emergency and requires immediate treatment.
- Hypoglycemia (Low Blood Sugar):
- While metformin itself does not typically cause hypoglycemia, low blood sugar can occur when it is used in combination with other diabetes medications (such as insulin or sulfonylureas). Symptoms include shakiness, sweating, dizziness, and confusion.
- Allergic Reactions:
- In rare cases, metformin can cause allergic reactions. Signs include rash, itching, swelling, or difficulty breathing. This requires immediate medical attention.
Who Should Avoid Metformin?
- Individuals with severe kidney disease or liver disease should not take metformin due to the increased risk of lactic acidosis.
- Pregnant or breastfeeding women should consult their doctor before taking metformin, as it may have implications for their baby’s health.
Tips for Minimizing Side Effects:
- Take metformin with meals to reduce gastrointestinal discomfort.
- Start at a low dose and gradually increase as recommended by your doctor to allow your body time to adjust.
- Regular blood tests to monitor kidney function and vitamin B12 levels are essential, especially with long-term use.
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